正文翻译

为什么罪犯需要洗钱，而不是用他们囤积的钱过日子？

评论翻译Kate StonemanYou mean like, pay for everything in cash?Problem is, any transaction of $10K or greater going through a financial institution is going to be reported to the government. So you can’t put that money in the bank. And you can’t use cash to buy big assets, like mansions, land, stocks and businesses, because all of these involve financial institutions. I mean, theoretically, you can structure such purchases in a way that you just show up with a suitcase full of cash, but that will make normal law-abiding people suspicious, leaving you in the position of being unable to buy what you want or having to deal strictly with other criminals.Once you set big purchases and bank accounts aside, what’s left? Let’s see: budget cars, groceries, gas, clothes and utilities. That’s it. That would keep most of your money in limbo and allow you to enjoy very little of it.So long as we are talking about criminals making major dough, such that they need to launder it, the goal of taking the risk of making so much money illegally is to build wealth, ensure economic security and eventually get out from under the criminal enterprise. A lifetime of prepaid basic expenses does not allow that.你是说用现金支付一切？问题是，任何通过金融机构进行的1万美元或以上的交易都将上报政府。所以你不能把这笔钱放在银行里。你不能用现金购买大资产，比如宅第、土地、股票和生意，因为所有这些都涉及金融机构。我的意思是，从理论上讲，你可以这样做，你仅仅带着一个装满现金的行李箱出现，但这会让正常守法的人产生怀疑，让你无法购买你想要的东西，或者你只能与其他罪犯进行交易。一旦你失去了大额采购和银行账户，你还剩下什么？让我们看看：廉价汽车、杂货、汽油、衣服和公共服务。就是这样。这将使你的大部分钱处于僵化的状态，并让你只能享受很少的一部分。只要我们谈论的是赚大钱的罪犯，这样他们就需要洗钱，冒着非法赚这么多钱的风险的目标就是创造财富，确保经济安全，并最终金盆洗手。预先攒够的终身基本生活费并不能让他们实现这一目标。Marc ClamageBack in the 80s I was sharing studio space with a couple of other artists in an old warehouse in a suburb of Boston. A guy approached us about taking over half the space. He was a drug dealer looking to go legit so he decided to open a frx shop. He refurbished the space, bought top-of-the-line equipment, and hired some top notch frxrs (i.e., people who knew how to make French and linen mattes, gold leaf expertise, that kind of thing).That was 35 years ago and last time I checked he was still there.早在80年代，我和其他几位艺术家在波士顿郊区的一个旧仓库里合租工作室。一个人走向我们，说要占据一半的空间。他是一个想金盆洗手的毒贩，所以他决定开一家画框店。他翻新了场地，购买了一流的设备，并雇佣了一些顶尖的装裱师（即知道如何制作法式和亚麻式哑光的人，金箔专家，诸如此类的人）。那是35年前的事了，上次我发现他还在那里。L. Thomas RouseMost people think that finding a briefcase with a million dollars in it would be the solution to all their problems. It isn’t. You haven’t found a solution. You've found another problem.You can’t walk into a car dealership and hand them $45,000 in cash for a car. They probably won’t accept it, and if they did, their bank will want to know where they got it. They’ll say it was you, which will bring various government entities to your door.You can’t go to a realtor or even a private owner and give them $500K in $20 bills for a house for the same reason.The answer to that is money laundering. You have to turn your ill-gotten gains into negotiable instruments, which means depositing them into a bank or other financial institution.Back in the day, a common way to do that was to find a bank manager with a morally casual attitude about where his deposits come from and bribe him to ask no questions. The scene in Scarface where Tony Montana walks into a Miami bank with duffel bags full of cash was not that far-fetched.Over the years banking laws have become more strict, so that scenario has become unlikely and money laundering has become more sophisticated. One of the common methods is called mingling.大多数人认为，搞到一个装有一百万美元的公文包将是解决他们所有问题的办法。不，你还没有解决问题。你发现了另一个问题。你不能走进一家汽车经销店，交给他们45000美元现金买车。他们可能不会接受，如果他们接受了，他们的银行会想知道他们从哪里得到这笔钱的。他们会说是你给的，这将会导致各种政府部门来到你的家门口。出于同样的原因，你不能去找房地产经纪人，甚至是私人业主，给他们由20美元纸币组成的50万美元买房。解决这个问题的答案是洗钱。你必须把你的不义之财变成可流通票据，这意味着把它们存入银行或其他金融机构。回想当年，一种常见的做法是找一位在道德上对他的存款来源持随意态度的银行经理，贿赂他不要问任何问题。《疤面人》中托尼·蒙塔纳（Tony Montana）带着装满现金的行李袋走进迈阿密一家银行的场景并不那么牵强。多年来，银行法变得更加严格，因此这种情况变得不太可能，洗钱也变得更加复杂。一种常见的方法叫做混合法。A criminal with a lot of money to hide will purchase a legitimate business, preferably one that's service-based and deals on a cash basis. This clip from Breaking Bad is one of the best explanations of how it might work I have ever seen:But as money laundering has become more sophisticated, so have the laws regarding it. Some of these laws hold the financial institutions civilly and in some cases, criminally responsible for knowing where their deposits originate under a doctrine called “Know your customer.”To protect themselves banks employ modern banking software that includes AML modules that scan all deposits and withdrawals looking for patterns and anomalies that indicate possible money laundering. The software generates the required reports automatically and submits them to law enforcement at the click of a button.一个有很多钱要隐藏的罪犯会购买一项合法的生意，最好是一项基于服务和现金交易的生意。这段来自《绝命毒师》的视频是我见过的关于它如何运作的最好解释之一：但是，随着洗钱变得越来越复杂，有关洗钱的法律也越来越复杂。其中一些法律要求金融机构根据“了解你的客户”的原则，对其存款来源承担民事责任，在某些情况下，还要求金融机构承担刑事责任为了保护自己，银行使用现代银行软件，其中包括反洗钱模块，可以扫描所有存款和取款，寻找表明可能洗钱的范例和异常。该软件自动生成所需的报告，并通过点击按钮将其提交给执法部门。One problem with the example in the clip is the software is programmed to know what normal cash flow should be for legitimate businesses. If the profit margin is excessive for that type of business, or their payroll isn’t big enough to handle the cash flow, the account is going to get flagged.The best businesses to use for money laundering are service-based businesses that deal primarily in cash. Bars are good, strip clubs are very good, primarily because men who will run tabs on a credit card at a bar will pay for everything with cash at a strip club. Most of the time a criminal will deal with several businesses to spread the money out and reduce the chance of the activity being caught.The dumb way to do it is to deposit money in several different banks and keep the deposits to $10,000 or less. This is called structuring, it is a form of money laundering, and it is illegal. If you do it at different branches of the same bank, the software will catch it and generate a Suspicious Activity Report to the IRS, Secret Service, and FBI.Any business that deals in cash-in/cash-out transactions such as Venmo, Paypal, and even casinos, which are not banks, have the same reporting requirements. Money laundering is not as easy as it used to be.视频中案例的一个问题是，该软件被编程为知道合法商业业务的正常现金流应该是多少。如果这类业务的利润率过高，或者他们的工资支出不足以应付现金流，那么该账户就会被标记。用于洗钱的最佳商业业务是主要以现金交易的服务型商业。酒吧很合适，脱衣舞俱乐部非常合适，主要是因为在酒吧用信用卡付账的男人会在脱衣舞俱乐部用现金支付一切。大多数情况下，罪犯会参与多种商业活动，以分散资金，减少活动被抓的几率。愚蠢的做法是把钱存入几家不同的银行，并将存款保持在10000美元或更少。这被称为结构化，也是洗钱的一种形式，是非法的。如果你在同一家银行的不同分行做这件事，软件会捕捉到，并向美国国税局、特勤局和联邦调查局生成可疑活动报告。任何从事现金收付交易的企业，如Venmo、Paypal，甚至是赌场，而不是银行，都有相同的报告要求。洗钱不像以前那么容易了。